Obsidian - Volcanic Glass Prized for Stone Tool Making

The volcanic glass called obsidian was highly prized in prehistory where ever it was found. The glassy material comes in a range of colors from black to green to bright orange, and it is found everywhere rhyolite-rich volcanic deposits are found. Most obsidian is a deep rich black, but, for example, pachuca obsidian, from a source in Hidalgo and distributed throughout Mesoamerica during the Aztec period, is a translucent green color with a golden yellow sheen to it. Pico de Orizaba, from a source in southeastern Puebla is almost completely colorless. Obsidian Qualities The qualities that made obsidian a favorite trade item are its shiny beauty, its easily worked fine texture, and the sharpness of its flaked edges. Archaeologists are fond of it because of obsidian hydration---a relatively secure (and relatively low cost) way to date the period an obsidian tool was last flaked. Sourcing obsidian--that is to say, discovering where the raw stone from a particular obsidian artifact came from--is typically conducted through trace element analysis. Although obsidian is always made up of volcanic rhyolite, each deposit has slightly different amounts of trace elements in it. Scholars identify the chemical fingerprint of each deposit through such methods as X-ray fluorescence or neutron activation analysis  and then compare that to what is found in an obsidian artifact. Alca Obsidian Alca is  a type of obsidian that is  solid and banded black, gray, maroon brown and bottled black maroon brown, that is found in volcanic deposits in the Andes mountains between 3700-5165 meters (12,140-16,945 feet) above sea level. The largest known concentrations of Alca are at the east rim of the Cotahuasi Canyon and in the Pucuncho basin. The Alca sources are among the most extensive sources of obsidian in South America; only the Laguna de Maule source in Chile and Argentina has comparable exposure.   Three types of Alca, Alca-1, Alca-5 and Alca-7, outcrop on the alluvial fans of the Pucuncho basin. These cannot be discerned with the naked eye, but they can be identified on the basis of geochemical characteristics, identified through ED-XRF and NAA (Rademaker et al. 2013). Stone tool workshops at the sources in the Pucuncho basin have been dated to the Terminal Pleistoceneand stone tools dated to the same 10,000-13,000 year range have been discovered at Quebrada Jaguay on the coast of Peru. Sources For information on dating obsidian ,  see the article on obsidian hydration. See the History of Glass Making, if thats what interests you. For more rock science on the substance, see the geology entry for obsidian. For the heck of it, try the Obsidian Trivia Quiz. Freter A. 1993. Obsidian-hydration dating: Its past, present, and future application in Mesoamerica. Ancient Mesoamerica 4:285-303. Graves MW, and Ladefoged TN. 1991. The disparity between radiocarbon and volcanic glass dates: New evidence from the island of Lanai, Hawaii. Archaeology in Oceania 26:70-77. Hatch JW, Michels JW, Stevenson CM, Scheetz BE, and Geidel RA. 1990. Hopewell obsidian studies: Behavioral implications of recent sourcing and dating research. American Antiquity 55(3):461-479. Hughes RE, Kay M, and Green TJ. 2002. Geochemical and Microwear Analysis of an Obsidian Artifact from the Brown Bluff Site (3WA10), Arkansas. Plains Anthropologist 46(179). Khalidi L, Oppenheimer C, Gratuze B, Boucetta S, Sanabani A, and al-Mosabi A. 2010. Obsidian sources in highland Yemen and their relevance to archaeological research in the Red Sea region. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(9):2332-2345. Kuzmin YV, Speakman RJ, Glascock MD, Popov VK, Grebennikov AV, Dikova MA, and Ptashinsky AV. 2008. Obsidian use at the Ushki Lake complex, Kamchatka Peninsula (Northeastern Siberia): implications for terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene human migrations in Beringia. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(8):2179-2187. Liritzis I, Diakostamatiou M, Stevenson C, Novak S, and Abdelrehim I. 2004. Dating of hydrated obsidian surfaces by SIMS-SS. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 261(1):51–60. Luglie C, Le Bourdonnec F-X, Poupeau G, Atzeni E, Dubernet S, Moretto P, and Serani L. 2006. Early Neolithic obsidians in Sardinia (Western Mediterranean): the Su Carroppu case. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(3):428-439. Millhauser JK, Rodrà ­guez-Alegrà ­a E, and Glascock MD. 2011. Testing the accuracy of portable X-ray fluorescence to study Aztec and Colonial obsidian supply at Xaltocan, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(11):3141-3152. Moholy-Nagy H, and Nelson FW. 1990. New data on sources of obsidian artifacts from Tikal, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica 1:71-80. Negash A, Shackley MS, and Alene M. 2006. Source provenance of obsidian artifacts from the Early Stone Age (ESA) site of Melka Konture, Ethiopia. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:1647-1650. Peterson J, Mitchell DR, and Shackley MS. 1997. The social and economic contexts of lithic procureent: obsidian from classic-period Hohokam sites. American Antiquity 62(2):213-259. Rademaker K, Glascock MD, Kaiser B, Gibson D, Lux DR, and Yates MG. 2013. Multi-technique geochemical characterization of the Alca obsidian source, Peruvian Andes. Geology 41(7):779-782. Shackley MS. 1995. Sources of archaeological obsidian in the Greater American southwest: An update and quantitative analysis. American Antiquity 60(3):531-551. Spence MW. 1996. Commodity or gift: Teotihuacan obsidian in the Maya region. Latin American Antiquity 7(1):21-39. Stoltman JB, and Hughes RE. 2004. Obsidian in Early Woodland Contexts in the Upper Mississippi Valley. American Antiquity 69(4):751-760. Summerhayes GR. 2009. Obsidian network patterns in Melanesia: Sources, characterisation, and distribution. IPPA Bulletin 29:109-123. Also Known As: Volcanic glass Examples: Teotihuacan and Catal Hoyuk are just two of the sites where obsidian was clearly considered an important stone resource.

Language Acquisition With Limited Input Romanian...

Jennifer Windsor, Leslie E. Glaze, Sebastian F. Koga write in the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research an articled titled â€Å"Language Acquisition with Limited Input: Romanian Institution and Foster Care†. From the Abstract, the purpose of the article is to give detailed information on the development of language abilities on children who have been â€Å"institutionalized† (2007, p. 1365). Their participants were grouped into three categories: children growing up in an orphanage, children growing up in foster care (only for one year), and their control group consisted of children growing up in their biologically natural environments (2007, p. 1365). Their research method was performed using an experimental procedure type in which they compared the language development of children from institutions to that of children from biological settings. According to the abstract, the conclusion of this research is that children who spent time in foster care s howed improved language abilities than children who were institutionalized (i.e., those who were not in foster care) (p. 1365). Windsor et al. stipulate that the main idea for their study is the language abilities of children. Their specific target group are children who have been raised in a Romanian orphanage. They use this specific sample group due to the attention they have received from Romania’s â€Å"historical† physical and social deprivation (2007, p. 1366). Based on their literature review, Windsor et al. pointShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesFeigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the UnitedRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free

Cyber security challenges in Smart Cities - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: 1. Evaluate the effectiveness and your usefulness of the learning experience. 2. Explain how this learning process will be useful. 3. Describe objectively what happened in the learning process. Answers: Evaluate the effectiveness and your usefulness of the learning experience From the assignment 1 and 2, I have gained my experience about Challenges in Cyber Security for Business. This learning experience is valuable for me to deal with the cyber security challenges. I have observed that the internet is highly used by both government and a private company for developing the business. It is evaluated that information technology creates a different tool to protect the data in terms of cyber security. This research is valuable for me to act in information technology business. I have also developed my understanding of certain strategies to enhance the cyber security in business. I have also gained my knowledge regarding meaning and concept of cyber security. In this way, it is stated that cyber security is a process, technology, and practice which are used to keep computers, networks, program, and information from unauthorized damages and access (Elmaghraby and Losavio, 2014). From the literature review part, I have pointed that IT security is flat to maintain the deviating and deceptive information through secure techniques and procedures. This learning experience is valuable for me to protect the data. I have also analyzed that security is an essential factor which linked to people and develops the confidence among employees with respect to the internet. This learning experience is effective for me as security is required for a business to accomplish the commercial growth. Explain how this learning process will be useful By the review of the literature of the topic, I realized that for the protection of the data networking procedure, the company can use the implementation of virtualization technologies. I will apply this new knowledge and insight in the future in terms of using cloud computing in the workplace. It is evaluated that virtualization provides several benefits and measures for security threats (Dua and Du, 2016). I will apply this new knowledge to build trust among customers regarding computing system by countering threats. It has been observed that the security is been breached which could create a negative impact on the ICT system of the companies. I will apply this new knowledge in the future to avoid the breaches of security. I have also increased my knowledge about the different challenges of cyber security. It helped me in understanding that the business needs to maintain the timing of the activities, quality of the services and the technologies in order to maintain the security of the cyber security (Scully, 2014). I have also analyzed that a company should implement safe data and communication technology from initiation and all over their existence. It is analyzed that cyber security technology takes a long time to keep the information because of the long derivation of security consistency (Radvanovsky and Brodsky, 2016). I will apply this new knowledge and insights in the future in terms of making strategy. Describe objectively what happened in the learning process I read different articles and books for conducting literature review activities. I have seen different videos to gain my depth understanding about research concern. As a result, it was beneficial for me to meet the research aim and objectives in a specified time period. By reviewing the literature, I concluded that social media is widely used by people which may lead to higher cyber-attacks and threats. Furthermore, it is evaluated that adoption of social media may generate the threat of cyber-attack at the workplace (Cherdantseva, Burnap, Blyth, Eden, Jones, Soulsby, and Stoddart, 2016). At the same time, I have pointed that company should evaluate the policies and process with regards to cyber security for eliminating the risks. I read that invasion of privacy in the ecosystem could direct to create a threat in the workplace. I have also increased my understanding that cyber security should be implemented and ready to use by customers without having technical understanding. From the literature review, I have also increased my understanding of different strategies to improve cyber security in business. In this way, it is evaluated that corporation should use set of standard to manage confidentiality and personal data security issues from starting to design and development of security technologies and services (Kumar, Pandey, and Punia, 2014). It was effective for me to avoid the cyber threat within an organization. Evaluate what you learn It is evaluated that the research assisted me in sharpening my research skills and the knowledge which is used to carry on the processes of the research. I have also learned that interpretivism research philosophy is used for conducting the research as it emphasizes mainly on multiple methods to solve any given research concern. I examined the research processes used in the research and I learned that in the research, mixed method is used in order to assess the challenges of cyber security for the business. In this way, it is evaluated that deductive approach is used to focus on the concepts regarding cyber security for business (Sajid, Abbas, and Saleem, 2016). From the assignment 2, I have learned that there is a different step of qualitative research. These steps are identifying a research problem, review the literature, specifying a purpose, and collecting the data. Other steps are analyzing and interpreting the data, determining the quality of data, and reporting of research (Ch oo, 2014). I have also increased my knowledge about approaches to validity. Explain your learning process There are various activities conducted while conducting the research. In the process, these activities are conducted so that the aims and objectives of the business can be achieved within the given time period. I have also understood about various sampling techniques and how they are used with the research process. In this way, I have learned that convenient sampling technique will be applied to choose IT professionals. The main cause of using data collection method is used to pool the data in a systematic manner by using different sources (Rid and Buchanan, 2015). It was effective for me to gather the data regarding research concern. For taking the interviews of various IT professionals, for the purpose of collecting the data, face to face interviews will be conducted. I have learned that researcher should use different reliable sources like journal, article, books, and websites. I have increased my understanding of the different step of qualitative research. These steps are identif ying a research problem, reviewing the literature, specifying a purpose, collecting the data, analysing and interpreting the data, determining the quality of data, and reporting the research (Karim, and Phoha, 2014). I have also developed my understanding of different approaches to validity. In this way, I have learned that validity defined as the extent to which a concept is properly considered in a quantitative research. For selecting the managers in the IT firm, for the purpose of research, random probability sampling technique will be used. From the assignment 2, I have increased my understanding of data collection methods. I have also learned from the research process that to collect the data from the IT professionals in the Australian firms, questionnaire method should be used. This research was beneficial for me to collect the data effectively. It has been observed that the data in quantitative form will be showcased by using tables and graphs and it will be further analysed by using various statistical tools like regression methods and correlation techniques. The main cause of using this technique is used to comprehend the statistical data in a meaningful manner (Vande Putte, and Verhelst, 2014). I have also learned that two variables will be used in this research report named cyber security and business. Explain Plan how this learning you will apply I have learned about various types of limitations which can hamper the normal course of the research. In this way, I have learned that a researcher have adequate time to conduct the research. As a result, it could restricts to obtain depth assessment about research concern i.e. challenges in cyber security in business. I have also learned how to maintain time schedule in the normal course of the research which could help in scheduling each activity of the research and helps in completing it on time. This could be applied by me in future to complete the research in a specified time period. I have also increased my understanding about Gantt chart, which is used for visual representation of activities and time that will be taken for completing it. This technique could be applied to assess the timing of each activity and helps to understand those activities that will take more time to complete the research (Jing, Vasilakos, Wan, Lu, and Qiu, 2014). As a result, I would be able to become a good project manager in the future which would also help in progressing in my career. References Cherdantseva, Y., Burnap, P., Blyth, A., Eden, P., Jones, K., Soulsby, H., Stoddart, K. (2016). A review of cyber security risk assessment methods for SCADA systems. computers security, 56, 1-27. Choo, K. K. R. (2014). A conceptual interdisciplinary plug-and-play cyber security framework. In ICTs and the Millennium Development Goals (pp. 81-99). US: Springer. Dua, S., Du, X. (2016). Data mining and machine learning in cybersecurity. USA: CRC press. Elmaghraby, A. S., Losavio, M. M. (2014). Cybersecurity challenges in Smart Cities: Safety, security and privacy. Journal of advanced research, 5(4), 491-497. Jing, Q., Vasilakos, A. V., Wan, J., Lu, J., Qiu, D. (2014). Security of the internet of things: Perspectives and challenges. Wireless Networks, 20(8), 2481-2501. Karim, M. E., Phoha, V. V. (2014). Cyber-physical systems security. In Applied Cyber-Physical Systems (pp. 75-83). New York: Springer. Kumar, V. A., Pandey, K. K., Punia, D. K. (2014). Cyber security threats in the power sector: Need for a domain specific regulatory framework in India. Energy Policy, 65, 126-133. Radvanovsky, R., Brodsky, J. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of SCADA/control systems security. USA: CRC Press. Rid, T., Buchanan, B. (2015). Attributing cyber attacks. Journal of Strategic Studies, 38(1-2), 4-37. Sajid, A., Abbas, H., Saleem, K. (2016). Cloud-assisted IoT-based SCADA systems security: A review of the state of the art and future challenges. IEEE Access, 4, 1375-1384. Scully, T. (2014). The cyber security threat stops in the boardroom. Journal of business continuity emergency planning, 7(2), 138-148. Vande Putte, D., Verhelst, M. (2014). Cyber crime: Can a standard risk analysis help in the challenges facing business continuity managers?. Journal of business continuity emergency planning, 7(2), 126-137.

Why Martin Luther Was Disillusioned with the Church of Rome free essay sample

ThesesIn this essay the intent is to point out the reason to why Martin Luther was disappointed with the methods and intention of the Roman Church, his entrance into monastery work. How his Catholic upbringing contributed, his 95 theses on the issue of indulgences, his exile and the work the reformation did to improve the situation, the way the Diet of Worms treated Martin Luther, the way he priests of Rome disregarded Luther’s work, the monastic life he lived before making his breakthrough in his own life. Martin Luther had two powerful influences in his upbringing. One was his parent’s and teacher’s punishments were because of his love and fear of God. Luther’s father was ambitious for his son; he made Luther take courses that pointed toward Luther becoming a lawyer. Because of the severity of home and school Luther decided to run away to a monastery and probably become a monk. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Martin Luther Was Disillusioned with the Church of Rome or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The second influence on Luther’s upbringing was his education, Luther went to a series of schools his father picked for him, but Luther decided the University of Erfurt was where he would learn about philosophy. Luther was so taken up with the University’s study of the Bible that he dropped his study of law and entered a monastery of Augustinian friars. It is thought that Luther chose to become a monk because of a near death occurrence, or the death of a very good friend. Luther ended up taking monastic vows to cope with pervasive senses of personal sinfulness and fear of an all-mighty, powerful and righteous God. Luther tried praying, fasting, but it didn’t cure his anxiety. The more Luther tried to do for God; he just became more aware of his sinful nature. Luther’s supervisor, Johann Von Staupitz, told Luther to study the mystics, to surrender to the love of God. Luther decided to have self-examination, he found what he felt for God was not love but hatred, his spiritual crisis then made him commit blasphemy, which was, to him, an unpardonable sin. Luther’s supervisor took a bold step to advise Luther to study for a doctor’s degree. The reason was for Luther to begin preaching and assume the chair of Bible at the recently established University of Wittenberg. Staupitz reasoned to Luther saying, â€Å"By serving others, you might best address your problems. Luther’s disappointment with the Church of Rome came he visited Rome and saw priests selling indulgences (remission of sin) to hundreds of people. The issue of the indulgences troubled him to the point that he prepared a DISPUTATION AGAINST SCHOLASTIC THEOLOGY in the form of 97 theses, which he used to attack the idea that believers could be justified bef ore God on their works. Luther then made another set, but of 95 theses which had way more impact than the previous. The reason for the new set was to attack the selling of indulgences. This then created the PROTESTANT REFORMATION. Luther’s disillusionment grew, when he was dismissed as a, â€Å"Drunken German,† by Pope Leo X. Luther then traveled to Heidelberg in disguise because he was told the Pope had planned to assassinate him on his trip. Luther was well-received and this emboldened him to ask about the primacy of the Roman Church and their power of excommunication. Luther was ordered to appear in Rome to face charges of heresy, which were proceeded to Germany through the intervention of Fredrick the Wise. There Luther was asked to recant his 95 theses, but with his commitment to God, he refused to recant. Luther was excommunicated from the Church of Rome for prefacing the freedom of a Christian and blasting the Roman curia as pestilent, hateful and corrupt. Luther’s sentiments were designed to promote conciliation, but did not have any effect. It was the responsibility of civil authorities to exact the ecclesiastical condemnation. However, because Luther had ignited a movement, and because Charles V was not willing to alienate the Germans, and Fredrick him got a proper hearing, it was agreed that Luther was to be summoned to appear before the Emperor and German Reichstag under the safe protection of the imperial safe-conduct. Luther appeared before the Diet of Worms, Luther was presented with a table with copies of the theses he wrote. Johann Eck, assistant to the Archbishop of Trier, once again asked Luther to recant, but this time to recant the content in the theses. When Luther was asked again the next day, he entered a lengthy differentiation among his work, which discussed evangelical topics. Luther was then pressed to recant their content, but still refused, saying, †Unless I am convinced by scripture and plain reason, I do not accept the authority of Popes and Councils, for they have contradicted themselves. Luther was seized on his return trip by masked horsemen, sent by Fredrick the Wise to be taken to Wartburg Castle and to be held their in exile for a year. During his absence, leadership fell to Philip Melanchthon. While in exile Luther took the chance to translate the New Testament to German. Even while there Luther still gave advice to friends and allies by letter. Luther supported the changes taking place by the reform. His tract, concerning monastic vows took position that there was no scriptural foundation for monastic vows. The exile built his disappointment with the Roman Church. My summary about Martin Luther is that Martin Luther was a great man who loved the Lord with a strong conviction and dedication to helping the community who were being continuously being lied to, to see God in a totally different perspective and light. I think Martin Luther did the right thing writing the theses, he corrected a mistake that had been going on for centuries. He was humble never encouraged violence even in the reformation, and always relied on the scripture of the Lord to help him through the trials that he was going through with the Roman Church. Bibliography 1. WWW. Wikipedia. org 2. WWW. Wikipedia. org 3. WWW. Wikipedia. org